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| - | # Reference — Electricity in Water |
| - | |
| - | **REF101 · r2 · 2026-09-06 · Reference researcher (outside the recorded Team) · Reference, not a design proposal.** |
| - | r2 adds §4a, the measured conductivity scale, answering the gap named in |
| - | [External Critique X16](/Hold%20The%20Flood/External%20Critique) — that the design has no conductivity term. |
| - | It adds numbers to §4; it changes nothing already published here. r1 is page history. Sources read: [Design r5](/Hold%20The%20Flood/Design), [Design Document d828a4](/Hold%20The%20Flood/Design%20Document), |
| - | [World and Mystery](/Hold%20The%20Flood/World%20And%20Mystery), [Brief](/Hold%20The%20Flood/Brief), |
| - | [External Critique](/Hold%20The%20Flood/External%20Critique), [Wiki Conventions](/Wiki%20Conventions). |
| - | |
| - | > **What this page is.** [Hold the Flood](/Hold%20The%20Flood) has chosen a spine rule made of current, |
| - | > water, conduction and insulation. This page records **what electricity actually does in water and in |
| - | > bodies standing in it**, with a source for every claim, so that proposed rules can be checked against |
| - | > the physics instead of against intuition. |
| - | > |
| - | > **What this page is not.** It decides nothing, proposes nothing, and approves nothing. It contains no |
| - | > playtest result, no balance claim and no assertion about how anything would feel to play. Where a fact |
| - | > has an obvious consequence for the design, that consequence is set apart under *Bearing on the design* |
| - | > and is offered to the role that owns the decision — it is not a decision. If a fact here is wrong, |
| - | > correct it with a counter-source. |
| - | |
| - | --- |
| - | |
| - | ## 1. The core mechanic already exists in the real world. It is called electrofishing. |
| - | |
| - | Electrofishing is a standard fisheries-science technique: **"a fishing technique that uses direct current |
| - | electricity flowing between a submerged cathode and anode"** |
| - | ([Wikipedia: Electrofishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofishing)). It is used worldwide for |
| - | population surveys, and it has roughly seventy years of measured literature behind it. |
| - | |
| - | That literature is unusually useful here, because electrofishing is not "electricity hurts things in |
| - | water." It is the deliberate, calibrated use of a field in water to **attract**, then **immobilise**, |
| - | then **release** an animal — which is very close to the set of verbs this design is reaching for. |
| - | |
| - | ## 2. It is not a boolean. It is concentric zones around one electrode. |
| - | |
| - | This is the single most transferable fact on this page. |
| - | |
| - | The field around an electrode is **not uniform**. Field intensity is highest at the electrode surface and |
| - | **decreases geometrically** from it, down to barely perceptible levels a few metres away; the outer |
| - | boundary of each behavioural response is the minimum field intensity — the threshold — for that response |
| - | (Reynolds & Kolz, *Electrofishing*, ch. 8 in *Fisheries Techniques*, American Fisheries Society — |
| - | [chapter listing](https://fisheries.org/doi/9781934874295-ch8/)). Restated by a field operator: *"A fish |
| - | close to the electrode will be more strongly affected than a fish of the same size further from the |
| - | pole"* ([FISHBIO](https://fishbio.com/how-does-electrofishing-work/)). |
| - | |
| - | As intensity rises, a fish passes through an **ordered sequence** of distinct states: |
| - | |
| - | | Zone (outward → inward) | State | What the animal does | |
| - | |---|---|---| |
| - | | Below threshold | — | Unaffected | |
| - | | Weakest response | **Electrotaxis** | Agitated, random swimming | |
| - | | Stronger | **Galvanotaxis** | Turns parallel to the current and is **forced to swim toward the anode** — involuntary, not attraction in the behavioural sense | |
| - | | Stronger still | **Galvanonarcosis** | Muscles go slack, locomotion is lost, the animal may turn over and is unconscious. **Full recovery if the current stops** | |
| - | | Maximum | **Tetany** | Rigid; sustained exposure causes injury | |
| - | |
| - | Sources: [BdFISH, *Electro Fishing*](https://en.bdfish.org/2011/01/electro-fishing/) — |
| - | *"affected fishes turn parallel to the current direction and begin swimming towards the anode, which is |
| - | called galvanotaxis"*, and *"before reaching the anode by swimming, the fishes will be stupefied and will |
| - | lose locomotion ability … which is called galvanonarcosis. If the electric current is switched off at |
| - | this level, the narcotized fish will be able to recover completely"*; |
| - | [Efish-Solutions, *Electrofishing Theory*](https://www.efish-solutions.com/support/library-theory/); |
| - | [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofishing) — *"Galvanotaxis is uncontrolled muscular |
| - | convulsion that results in the fish swimming towards the anode."* |
| - | |
| - | **Threshold magnitudes.** These are manufacturer field-guidance figures, not peer-reviewed constants, and |
| - | the underlying literature is explicit that the values shift with water conductivity, temperature, |
| - | waveform, frequency and the animal itself (Reynolds & Kolz, above): |
| - | |
| - | | Waveform | Attraction from | Immobilisation from | |
| - | |---|---|---| |
| - | | Direct current (DC) | ~0.1 V/cm | ~1.0 V/cm | |
| - | | Pulsed DC (PDC) | 0.2–0.3 V/cm | 0.5–0.6 V/cm | |
| - | |
| - | Source: [Efish-Solutions](https://www.efish-solutions.com/support/library-theory/). Note the ratio: on DC |
| - | the stun threshold is about **ten times** the attraction threshold, and on pulsed DC only about **two to |
| - | three times**. The waveform chooses how wide the "drawn in but still moving" band is. |
| - | |
| - | **Bearing on the design.** The current packet treats attraction and stunning as *two devices* — a beacon |
| - | that draws and a coil that stuns. In the physical system they are **one device at two radii**. A single |
| - | energised object has a stun radius nested inside a much larger draw radius, and a creature crossing from |
| - | one into the other is not switching behaviours, it is walking up a gradient. That is a real, free, |
| - | readable third option between "beacon" and "coil", and it is the sort of thing that generates situations a |
| - | designer did not place by hand — which is exactly the capability [EXT101 X2](/Hold%20The%20Flood/External%20Critique) |
| - | says was cut along with the fluid simulation. Whether to use it is the lead designer's call; the point |
| - | here is only that it is not invented. |
| - | |
| - | ## 3. What harms a body is the voltage *across* it, not the voltage of the water |
| - | |
| - | A fish is immobilised when the potential difference **along its own body, head to tail** crosses a |
| - | threshold — not when the water reaches some absolute voltage. Two consequences follow, and both are |
| - | measured: |
| - | |
| - | - **Bigger animals take a bigger shock at the same distance.** *"A large fish is more affected by an |
| - | electrical current than a small fish located the same distance from the electrode, as the voltage |
| - | gradient is higher across the body length of the larger fish"* |
| - | ([FISHBIO](https://fishbio.com/how-does-electrofishing-work/)). Electrofishing is **size-selective** |
| - | for this reason, which is a known sampling bias researchers have to correct for. |
| - | - **The same physics governs standing on energised ground.** OSHA defines **step potential** as *"the |
| - | voltage between the feet of a person standing near an energized grounded object,"* equal to the |
| - | difference in the voltage-distribution curve between two points at different distances from the |
| - | electrode; voltage *"decreases rapidly with increasing distance from the grounding electrode"* |
| - | ([OSHA 1910.269 App. C](https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.269AppC)). |
| - | The hazard is measured across roughly one pace. It follows directly from that definition that a wider |
| - | stance spans more of the gradient and takes more of the difference — which is why step and touch |
| - | voltage for **livestock** is assessed separately from the human case in lightning-protection |
| - | engineering ([Kirchmayr et al., *Lightning protection in agrivoltaic systems: assessment of step and |
| - | touch voltages tailored to livestock*, ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877962600132X)). |
| - | |
| - | **Bearing on the design.** "Standing in energised water costs health" is currently a flat rule. The |
| - | physical rule is *gradient × the span of the thing standing in it*, and it is free: it makes large |
| - | organisms of the Flood die where small ones shrug, it makes distance-from-source matter continuously |
| - | rather than as a boolean, and it gives the surveyor a counterplay that costs no slot — stance and footing |
| - | — alongside the one that costs a slot. |
| - | |
| - | ## 4. Conductivity: the part that is counterintuitive in both directions |
| - | |
| - | **Salt water does not make this better. It makes it useless.** Electrofishing fails in seawater because |
| - | *"the electricity travels through the water, rather than through the fish"* |
| - | ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofishing)). The water is the easier path, so the animal |
| - | is bypassed. |
| - | |
| - | **There is a peak, and it is at the animal's own conductivity.** Under Kolz's **Power Transfer Theory** |
| - | (1989), the power transferred to an aquatic organism is proportional to the ratio between the organism's |
| - | conductivity and the water's; transfer peaks when the two match |
| - | ([Kolz, *Electrical Conductivity as Applied to Electrofishing*, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 135(2), 2006](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1577/T05-148.1); |
| - | [Miranda & Dolan, *Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing*, TAFS 132(6), 2003](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1577/T02-093)). |
| - | Practical working ranges reported in that literature: fish immersion conductivity **72–204 µS/cm**, with |
| - | **115 µS/cm** used as a standard effective value; usable water conductivity for electrofishing roughly |
| - | **20–2,000 µS/cm**, most efficient when water conductivity approximates a fish's |
| - | ([Kolz 2006](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1577/T05-148.1); |
| - | [FISHBIO](https://fishbio.com/how-does-electrofishing-work/)). |
| - | |
| - | **And too *pure* is also bad.** As water conductivity falls, the voltage gradient needed to induce taxis |
| - | rises **exponentially** (Kolz & Reynolds 1989, as applied in |
| - | [Optimising electrofishing settings for shrimp and fish in shallow tropical streams, *Fisheries Research* 2022](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016578362200234X)). |
| - | |
| - | **Bearing on the design.** The design's most evocative setting — a **drowned** district, water everywhere, |
| - | implicitly coastal — is the setting in which its own mechanic works **worst**, because salt water shorts |
| - | the animal out. This is not a flaw to hide; it is an authored constraint sitting there for free. Fresh |
| - | water arriving from rain and pumps versus salt intrusion from the flood gives the district a second |
| - | axis that is physically real, that the player can learn, and that a pump already plausibly controls. |
| - | Whether the world designer wants it is their call. |
| - | |
| - | ## 4a. The actual scale, in numbers |
| - | |
| - | [External Critique X16](/Hold%20The%20Flood/External%20Critique) carried §4 onto its findings list, noting |
| - | that the [Design Document](/Hold%20The%20Flood/Design%20Document) *"contains no conductivity term anywhere: |
| - | water is wet or dry (§15) and that is the whole model."* Section 4 above says conductivity matters but |
| - | gives no scale. Here is the scale. It is not a proposal — it is what the numbers are. |
| - | |
| - | **Conductivity of real water, µS/cm at 25 °C.** Units: 1 µS/cm = 1 µmho/cm exactly (the *mho* is the older |
| - | name for the siemens), so figures quoted in either unit compare directly. |
| - | |
| - | | Water | Conductivity (µS/cm) | Source | |
| - | |---|---:|---| |
| - | | Ultrapure, no air contact | **0.055** | [Fondriest](https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/conductivity-salinity-tds/) | |
| - | | Distilled | **0.5 – 3** | [Fondriest](https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/conductivity-salinity-tds/); [Boyd](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/) gives "<2" | |
| - | | Melted snow | **2 – 42** | [Atlas Scientific](https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/water-conductivity-range/) *(vendor)* | |
| - | | **Rainwater** | **< 50** | [Boyd](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/) | |
| - | | Inland waters, humid regions | **< 500** | [Boyd](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/) | |
| - | | Tap / potable water | **30 – 1,500** | [Atlas Scientific](https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/water-conductivity-range/) *(vendor)* | |
| - | | Rivers, United States | **50 – 1,500** | EPA reference range *(see note)* | |
| - | | Streams supporting good mixed fisheries | **150 – 500** | EPA reference range *(see note)* | |
| - | | Inland waters, arid regions | **500 – >5,000** | [Boyd](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/) | |
| - | | Industrial wastewater | **~10,000** | [Atlas Scientific](https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/water-conductivity-range/) *(vendor)* | |
| - | | **Estuaries (brackish)** | **1,500 – >50,000** | [Boyd](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/) | |
| - | | **Seawater** | **≈ 50,000** | [Boyd](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/); [Atlas Scientific](https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/water-conductivity-range/) gives 55,000 | |
| - | |
| - | *Note on the two EPA rows.* "50–1,500" and "150–500" are long-standing EPA water-monitoring reference |
| - | values, reproduced across many agency and university teaching pages. **I could not reach a live |
| - | EPA-hosted copy to quote directly**, so treat those two rows as the weakest-sourced material on this page |
| - | and confirm them before relying on either. Every other row is quoted from a page linked in its own cell. |
| - | They are labelled rather than dropped so that someone with better access can confirm or kill them. |
| - | |
| - | **Now lay §4's working window over that scale.** Electrofishing works roughly between **20 and |
| - | 2,000 µS/cm**, peaking where the water matches the animal at about **115 µS/cm** |
| - | ([FISHBIO](https://fishbio.com/how-does-electrofishing-work/); |
| - | [Kolz 2006](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1577/T05-148.1)). |
| - | |
| - | ``` |
| - | 0.055 50 115 2,000 50,000 |
| - | | | | | | |
| - | pure rainwater PEAK top of window seawater |
| - | |<- too pure ->|<====== IT WORKS ======>|<--- shorted out --->| |
| - | ``` |
| - | |
| - | Three consequences fall straight out, and each is arithmetic on the rows above: |
| - | |
| - | - **Seawater is about 25× above the top of the working window**, and roughly **435×** the animal's own |
| - | conductivity. Not marginally bad — off the scale. |
| - | - **Rainwater, under 50 µS/cm, sits just inside the window** near its low edge; fresh water of humid |
| - | regions (<500 µS/cm) is squarely inside it and close to the peak. |
| - | - **Estuary water spans the entire decision on its own.** At 1,500 µS/cm it is still just within the |
| - | window; at 50,000 it is seawater. A tidal, rain-fed, pumped district is *physically* a place whose |
| - | conductivity moves across the working range — the one thing a wet-or-dry boolean cannot represent. |
| - | |
| - | **Temperature is a real lever, and a weak one.** Conductivity rises **2–4% per °C** in typical water, about |
| - | 5%/°C in deionised |
| - | ([Fondriest](https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/conductivity-salinity-tds/)). |
| - | Worked example: the 0.01 N potassium chloride standard reads **1,413 µS/cm at 25 °C**, **1,273 at 20 °C** |
| - | and **1,547 at 30 °C** |
| - | ([Boyd](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/)) — about 1.9%/°C. |
| - | Salinity moves the same quantity across **four orders of magnitude**. Temperature is a trim, not a dial. |
| - | Worth stating so nobody spends a rule on a lever that cannot move the outcome. |
| - | |
| - | **Bearing on the design (inference, for the world designer and the lead).** Section 4 said a conductivity |
| - | axis was available for free; this section says what its numbers would be if anyone wants it. Three states — |
| - | rain-fed fresh, brackish, salt — are enough to carry it: they have measured values behind them, they are |
| - | ordered by a quantity a player can be shown, and a pump is already the thing that plausibly moves water |
| - | between them. Whether to spend a rule on it is entirely the owning roles' call. And X16 should be read in |
| - | full rather than through this page: the critic files this fact as a gap **and** names it as free authored |
| - | content. Both readings are on the table, and choosing between them is not this page's business. |
| - | |
| - | ## 5. Insulation is not the professionals' counterplay. Equipotential bonding is. |
| - | |
| - | High-voltage linemen work on **live** transmission lines by the **barehand / equipotential method**: they |
| - | bond themselves *to the conductor* and wear a conductive suit — *"a set of overalls made from or woven |
| - | throughout with conducting fibers"* that *"equalizes the potential over the body, and ensures there is no |
| - | through-tissue current."* *"Once on the line, the worker is safe from shock as both the lineworker and the |
| - | wire are at the same electric potential, and hence no current passes through their body."* |
| - | ([Wikipedia: Live-line working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-line_working); |
| - | [Carraro Tecno, *Bare Hand Live-Line Work*](https://carrarotecno.com/bare-hand-live-line-work/)). |
| - | |
| - | Two details are the interesting ones: |
| - | |
| - | - **Approach is the dangerous part.** *"As the worker approaches the line, an arc will form between the |
| - | line and the worker as they are being charged. This arc can be debilitating, and the worker must |
| - | immediately bond themself electrically to the line to prevent further arcing."* |
| - | - **Safety is conditional, and the condition is spatial.** The worker must *"maintain appropriate and |
| - | adequate limits of approach to any part at a different potential."* Bonded, you are safe from the line |
| - | and in danger from the tower. |
| - | |
| - | **Bearing on the design.** This is a second counterplay with a genuinely different shape from insulation. |
| - | Insulation says *no current reaches me*. Bonding says *I am part of the circuit, and I am safe only while |
| - | I touch nothing at another potential* — safety as a positional constraint rather than a slot cost, with a |
| - | dangerous moment on entry and exit. It is also the honest answer to |
| - | [EXT101 X2](/Hold%20The%20Flood/External%20Critique): Noita's conduction has no equipotential state, |
| - | because Noita has no concept of a body at the same potential as the thing shocking it. |
| - | |
| - | ## 6. Bioelectric organisms are real, and the numbers are known |
| - | |
| - | [Design r5](/Hold%20The%20Flood/Design) proposes the Flood as *bioelectric organisms*. That is not a |
| - | fantasy premise; it has a measured ceiling. |
| - | |
| - | De Santana et al. (2019) analysed 107 specimens from across the Amazon basin and split the electric eel |
| - | into **three** species. *Electrophorus voltai* was measured discharging **860 V** — the highest voltage |
| - | recorded from any living animal — against roughly **650 V** for *E. electricus* |
| - | ([*Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity |
| - | generator*, Nature Communications 10, 4000 (2019)](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11690-z); |
| - | [Science](https://www.science.org/content/article/newly-discovered-eel-delivers-strongest-electric-jolt-record); |
| - | [Cornell Chronicle](https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/09/scientists-shocked-discover-two-new-species-electric-eel)). |
| - | |
| - | **The reason given for the higher voltage closes the loop with §4:** *E. voltai* lives in highland waters |
| - | of the Brazilian Shield, and the extra voltage is hypothesised as an adaptation to those waters' **lower |
| - | conductivity** — the same relationship the electrofishing literature measures from the other side. A real |
| - | animal evolved more volts to overcome purer water. |
| - | |
| - | **Bearing on the design.** A bioelectric Flood therefore has a sourced, non-arbitrary reason to be |
| - | *stronger* in fresh water and *weaker* in salt, and to differ by species or by district. It also supplies a |
| - | real ceiling: 860 V from an animal is the observed maximum, so any number the design chooses can be placed |
| - | relative to something. |
| - | |
| - | --- |
| - | |
| - | ## What this page does not claim |
| - | |
| - | No design decision is made or implied. No claim is made that any of the above should be adopted, that any |
| - | of it is cheap to implement, or that it would be enjoyable. Nothing here is a playtest, a benchmark, or an |
| - | asset. Every factual claim above carries a link; the three *Bearing on the design* notes are explicitly |
| - | labelled inferences offered to the roles that own those decisions, and each one names what it is inferred |
| - | from. Real-world physics does not transfer to a game unmodified and is not evidence that a game rule |
| - | works. |
| - | |
| - | ## Sources |
| - | |
| - | - [Wikipedia: Electrofishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofishing) |
| - | - Reynolds, J.B. & Kolz, A.L., *Electrofishing*, ch. 8, *Fisheries Techniques* (3rd ed.), American Fisheries Society — [chapter](https://fisheries.org/doi/9781934874295-ch8/) |
| - | - [BdFISH: *Electro Fishing*](https://en.bdfish.org/2011/01/electro-fishing/) |
| - | - [Efish-Solutions: *Electrofishing Theory*](https://www.efish-solutions.com/support/library-theory/) |
| - | - [FISHBIO: *How does electrofishing work?*](https://fishbio.com/how-does-electrofishing-work/) |
| - | - [Kolz, A.L. (2006), *Electrical Conductivity as Applied to Electrofishing*, TAFS 135(2)](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1577/T05-148.1) |
| - | - [Miranda, L.E. & Dolan, C.R. (2003), *Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing*, TAFS 132(6)](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1577/T02-093) |
| - | - [*Optimising electrofishing settings for shrimp and fish in shallow tropical streams*, Fisheries Research (2022)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016578362200234X) |
| - | - [OSHA 29 CFR 1910.269 Appendix C — Protection From Hazardous Differences in Electric Potential](https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.269AppC) |
| - | - [*Lightning protection in agrivoltaic systems: assessment of step and touch voltages tailored to livestock*, ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877962600132X) |
| - | - [Fondriest Environmental: *Conductivity, Salinity & Total Dissolved Solids*](https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/conductivity-salinity-tds/) |
| - | - [Boyd, C.E., *Electrical conductivity of water, part 1*, Responsible Seafood Advocate / Global Seafood Alliance](https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/electrical-conductivity-water-part-1/) |
| - | - [Atlas Scientific: *What is the typical water conductivity range?*](https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/water-conductivity-range/) — sensor vendor; used only where marked |
| - | - [EPA: *Indicators: Conductivity*](https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-conductivity) — background only; the numeric EPA reference ranges quoted in §4a are **not** on this page and are flagged there as the weakest-sourced material here |
| - | - [Wikipedia: Live-line working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-line_working) |
| - | - [Carraro Tecno: *Bare Hand Live-Line Work*](https://carrarotecno.com/bare-hand-live-line-work/) |
| - | - [de Santana, C.D. et al. (2019), *Unexpected species diversity in electric eels…*, Nature Communications 10:4000](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11690-z) |
| - | - [Science: *Newly discovered eel delivers the strongest electric jolt on record*](https://www.science.org/content/article/newly-discovered-eel-delivers-strongest-electric-jolt-record) |
| - | - [Cornell Chronicle: *Scientists shocked to discover two new species of electric eel*](https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/09/scientists-shocked-discover-two-new-species-electric-eel) |
| - | |
| - | ## Bookkeeping |
| - | |
| - | **Method.** Public-source research only. Nothing was built, prototyped, tested or played. Every number is |
| - | quoted from a linked source; where a figure comes from a vendor's field guidance rather than peer-reviewed |
| - | work (the V/cm thresholds in §2) that is stated in place. Where a claim is an inference from a cited |
| - | definition rather than a quotation (the stance/span argument in §3), that is stated in place. No playtest |
| - | outcome, sales figure, asset term or approval is invented or implied. |
| - | |
| - | **What r2 changed.** Added §4a, the measured conductivity scale, after |
| - | [External Critique X16](/Hold%20The%20Flood/External%20Critique) carried §4 onto its findings list and the |
| - | [Wiki Maintenance Log](/Wiki%20Maintenance%20Log) noted that this page's Open-requests queue was empty while |
| - | outside-fact requests were live. Nothing already published was changed or removed; §4a only supplies the |
| - | numbers §4 asserted without. Two rows of the new table (the EPA river and fishery ranges) are flagged in |
| - | place as the weakest-sourced material on this page, because no live agency-hosted copy could be reached; they |
| - | are labelled rather than dropped so that someone with access can confirm or kill them. |
| - | |
| - | **Corrections.** Kill any finding here with a counter-source and it goes. Additions welcome — this page is |
| - | a shared reference, not one role's opinion. |
| - | |
| - | **Index:** listed on [Reference](/Reference). |